Flexible batteries may be the next big thing in energy storage
As our daily gadgets and wearable electronics get increasingly thinner, lighter and flexible, regular lithium-ion batteries are beginning to show their limitations. They are rigid, heavy and bulky, making them ill-suited for next-gen devices. However, a new class of flexible batteries is emerging that could transform the technology landscape. Here's a closer look at some of the major developments in flexible battery research.

Thinner and more durable cell designs
Traditional battery materials like lithium cobalt oxide cathodes are too brittle to be integrated into flexible form factors. Researchers are experimenting with new nano-structured materials that can deliver the required energy and power while maintaining mechanical flexibility. Some notable efforts include developing freestanding graphene anodes and nanowire-based cathodes that are highly deformable, lightweight and durable over many charge-discharge cycles.

Stretchable solid electrolytes
The role of solid electrolytes in Flexible Batteries cannot be overstated. They must not only conduct ions swiftly but also withstand mechanical stresses during bending or stretching without damage. Scientists from MIT created a highly elastic solid electrolyte made of polyacrylate polymers interspersed with lithium salt. It demonstrated excellent ion conductivity even when stretched up to 300% of its initial length. Other groups developed polymer-borate and poly (ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes with self-healing properties.

Paper-thin battery prototypes
Leveraging advanced materials and thin film deposition processes, several proof-of-concept flexible battery prototypes under 100 microns in thickness have emerged. Researchers at the University of Illinois fabricated an ultra-thin, bendable lithium-ion battery only 20 microns thick using vapor deposition techniques. It could withstand over 1000 cycles of bending and delivered an energy density of 0.5 mAh/cm2. Scientists at Penn State University designed an elastic battery 50 microns thick using laser-scribed nanowire electrodes and enabled full functionality even after severe twisting and folding.

Stretchable power sources for wearables
Wearable devices integrated directly onto the skin or clothing require battery designs that can tolerate continual skin-like mechanical motions. Scientists developed bio-integrated transparent and self-charging batteries made of carbon nanotube fibers that can harvest energy from body movements and surrounding radio waves. Researchers at the University of Texas devised an elastic lithium-ion battery that maintained 88% of its original capacity after 1000 stretching cycles to 50% strain, making it viable for wearable electronics.

Novel manufacturing techniques
Mass production will be crucial for bringing flexible batteries to commercial reality. Researchers are exploring new types of roll-to-roll and inkjet printing techniques to customize battery designs and fabricate complete flexible energy storage systems. Ambri, a MIT spin-off company, is scaling up its novel Liquid Metal Battery technology which replaces rigid solid electrodes with lightweight encapsulated liquid metals. Ambri’s design is highly compatible with continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. Further advancements in manufacturing promise to drive down costs significantly.

Commercial products on the horizon
Driven by explosive growth in the wearables sector, we may soon see the first flexible battery commercial products hit the market. Samsung, LG and Panasonic are among the electronics giants aggressively working on next-gen flexible battery prototypes tailored for foldable phones and smart glasses. Chinese company Enfucell has developed ultra-thin printable paper batteries and ink-based manufacturing suitable for integrating into clothing or packaging materials. Startups like Blue Spark Technologies and Ilika are also racing to launch flexible battery powered devices in portable electronics, healthcare and Internet of Things applications within the next two years.

In summary, flexible batteries hold immense potential to revolutionize industries across the board by powering a new class of ultra-portable, wearable and visually appealing smart devices. After years of intensive research, the technical barriers are slowly being overcome through cutting-edge material science and manufacturing technologies. With continued innovation and mass production developments, flexible batteries may reach commercial scale within this decade to fulfill the promise of truly limitless device form factors. The future indeed looks bright and flexible.
 
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The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) around the world is being propelled by advancements in battery and electric motor technologies. As consumers demand more sustainable transportation options that reduce emissions, EVs are poised to become common on roads in the coming decade. At the heart of every EV are high-performance electric motors that deliver torque and power for acceleration and top speeds. These motors draw current from large battery packs to efficiently move vehicles down the road. In this article, we explore the types of electric motors powering EVs today and how they are enabling the global transition to zero-emission transportation.

DC Motors vs AC Motors

The two main categories of Electric Motors For Electric Vehicles  used in EVs are direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. Early EVs in the 1990s and 2000s primarily utilized DC motors as their simplicity allowed for compact packaging and high torque at low speeds ideal for vehicle propulsion. However, DC motors require external control electronics and additional components that add weight and complexity. Modern EVs now almost exclusively use AC motors, which have several advantages over DC motors.

AC motors can directly utilize the alternating current from the high-voltage battery without needing to convert it like DC motors. This makes AC motors lighter, more efficient, and more adaptable to varying loads during driving. AC motors also produce balanced rotation as opposed to the small torque ripple produced by DC motors. Automakers now view AC motors as a simpler, more refined solution for powering EVs. Most new battery-electric vehicles feature highly optimized permanent magnet AC motors or induction AC motors.

Permanent Magnet AC Motors

Permanent magnet AC motors, also called PMSM motors, are currently the dominant electric motor type powering EVs. PMSM motors use rare earth magnets embedded in their rotor to produce a consistent magnetic field. By controlling the alternating current induced in the stator windings, PMSM motors can efficiently produce torque over a wide speed range. PMSM motors offer high power density, great torque even at low speeds for easy acceleration, and efficiency rates above 90%.

Tesla was one of the early pioneers of optimizing PMSM motor technology for EVs. Their meticulous engineering delivers strong acceleration from a stop with minimal loss of vigor during highway passing. Competition from companies like BMW, Nissan, and Hyundai have also produced advanced PMSM motors that are integral to the driving performance DNA of their EVs. Looking ahead, researchers are exploring new magnet materials like iron nitride that could reduce motor costs and increase power capacities even further.

Induction AC Motors

While less commonly used in passenger EVs today, induction AC motors also remain an important technology where cost is a higher priority over ultimate performance. Often called asynchronous motors, induction motors have rotors made of copper or aluminum bars rather than permanent magnets. When connected to an alternating current supply, the rotating stator magnetic field induces electric currents inside the rotor that create its own magnetic field to rotate the output shaft.

Induction motors eliminate the use of rare earth metals, making them less expensive to produce. Cheaper EVs and commercial vehicles have benefited from induction motor applications. Companies are also developing new designs to counter induction motors' deficiencies in torque production at lower speeds. Overall, induction motors provide a viable lower-cost alternative where maximum acceleration is less critical than minimizing production costs for certain EV segments.

Cooling Requirements and Motor Control Systems

Operating electric motors continuously to propel EVs presents thermal management challenges compared to intermittent usage in other applications. High-power-density motors capable of sustained highway cruising generate significant heat that must be quickly dispersed to maintain optimal efficiency and longevity. Most EV motors integrate sophisticated cooling jackets through which cooling liquid circulates.

State-of-the-art liquid cooling systems pair electric pumps, heat exchangers, and advanced coolants to extract motor heat efficiently without adding undue weight. Motor controllers precisely monitor temperatures thousands of times per second to avoid overheating. Sophisticated motor calibration also prevents wasted energy that could overheat components. Advanced driver-assist features now help recovery kinetic braking energy without overstressing motors during deceleration.

Electric motors also require sophisticated onboard computers and power electronics to precisely regulate current flow. Motor control systems detect throttle inputs, battery charge levels, vehicle speed, and other parameters to deliver responsive acceleration. Advanced algorithms maximize efficiency across all operating conditions. As EVs continue achieving mass-market appeal, their electric motors and supporting systems will only continue improving to deliver silent yet spirited driving experiences.

The Role of Electric Motors in a Sustainable Transportation Future

As the environmental and economic case strengthens for EVs, electric motors will play a pivotal role in curbing emissions from transportation—the sector responsible for over 26% of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions globally. Rapid advances in motor technology are enabling electric vehicles to match or surpass the driving range and performance of gasoline counterparts. With continued innovation, production costs of high-performance electric motors will decrease to price points accessible for mainstream drivers internationally.

As global leaders commit to electrifying their automobile fleets, electric motors stand at the forefront of a mobility revolution. Their efficient conversion of chemical energy to mechanical power frees societies from dependence on polluting fuel sources. The silent yet torquey acceleration delivered by motors like Tesla's Plaid models show how electric transportation can enhance the driving experience. With refined motor cooling, controls, and battery integration, EVs will continue improving to satisfy all vehicle types from city commuters to highway cruisers. Electric motors ensure sustainable transportation has a bright future.
 
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What are Beta Glucans?

Beta glucans are dietary fibers found naturally in the cell walls of cereal grains like oats and barley as well as medicinal mushrooms like reishi, shiitake, and maitake. The basic structure of a beta glucan molecule consists of a linear backbone made of glucose units linked together by beta bonds. However, beta glucan molecules can vary in their complexity depending on the source.

How do Beta Glucans Support Immune Health?

Beta glucans interact with specific receptors on immune cells known as C-type lectin receptors or Dectin-1. When bound to these receptors, beta glucans trigger a cascade of cell signaling that stimulates the immune system. Some key ways beta glucans support immune function include:

Macrophage Activation - Macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders in the body. Beta glucans bind to macrophage receptors, which primes these cells to operate more vigorously and produce inflammatory cytokines that ramp up the immune response.

Neutrophil Activation - Another type of white blood cell called neutrophils are also activated by beta glucans. Stimulated neutrophils exhibit enhanced microbe-killing activity against bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi.

Increased Antibody Production - When B cells, the immune cells responsible for producing antibodies, are exposed to Beta Glucans, they secrete higher amounts of antibodies that help eliminate pathogens.

Natural Killer Cell Enhancement - Natural killer cells are lymphocytes involved in the first line of defense against tumors and virally-infected cells. Beta glucans can boost natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxic activity.

Inflammatory Cytokine Release - Activated immune cells release signaling proteins called cytokines like interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These inflammatory cytokines recruit additional immune defenses and coordinate cell communications.

The Collective Impact of Supplementing with Beta Glucan

Through these multiple mechanisms of action, supplementing the diet with beta glucan extracts has been clinically shown to strengthen immune surveillance and resistance against common illnesses:

Viral Infections - Beta glucan supplementation has demonstrated potential in reducing the severity and duration of cold and flu symptoms caused by respiratory viruses like rhinovirus and influenza.

Bacterial Infections - Some research indicates beta glucans can help promote wound healing and potentially fend off skin, urinary tract and other bacterial infections.

Fungal Infections - As the structural components of fungal cell walls, certain beta glucans possess intrinsic antifungal properties against pathogens like Candida that commonly cause yeast infections.

Parasitic Infections - Studies involving animals and laboratory models point to beta glucan's ability to mobilize the immune system against parasitic protozoa responsible for illnesses.

Cancer Protection - Ongoing research continues exploring whether regularly consuming higher amounts of beta glucan through functional foods or supplements can lower cancer risk or act as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapies.

Additional Benefits of Beta Glucan Supplementation

Beyond boosting immune defenses, other potential health benefits of beta glucan supplementation suggested by research include:

Reduced Allergic Sensitivity - Several rodent and human studies associate diets rich in certain beta glucans with decreased allergic rhinitis, asthma symptoms, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production.

Better Wound Healing - Beta glucans appear to accelerate re-epithelialization of wounds and collagen deposition through angiogenic and antioxidant properties as well as macrophage activation at sites of injury.

Improved Cholesterol Levels - Specifically, oat beta glucan has been shown to reduce LDL "bad" cholesterol and total cholesterol when consumed as part of a balanced diet.

Heart Disease Prevention - Fiber-rich whole grains and cereal beta glucans may lower heart disease risk factors like high blood pressure and harmful inflammation linked to cardiovascular problems.

Digestive Health Support - As a soluble fiber, beta glucan can promote healthy bowel transit and prebiotic feeding of beneficial gut bacteria.

Summing Up Beta Glucan's Immune Boosting Capabilities

Widely available as yeast extracts or produced from grains through enzymatic isolation, beta glucan supplements represent an inexpensive adjunct for safeguarding immunity throughout the seasons with subtle yet meaningful support. Ongoing research continues to uncover beta glucan's versatile influence on immune signaling pathways vital to resistance against infectious threats and chronic disease progression. Overall, beta glucan's ability to enhance numerous immune cell types and responses makes it a compelling foundation for bolstering baseline health defenses.
 
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​Global mastopexy market is anticipated to showcase exponential growth rates on the back of several factors such as the rising frequency of breast ptosis along with cosmetic breast augmentation procedures among women worldwide. Growing adoption of minimally invasive breast lifting procedures has translated into increased patient preference and demand for mastopexy procedures.
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The Global Mastopexy Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 2.39 BN in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.3% over the forecast period 2024 to 2031.

Mastopexy, also known as breast lift surgery, is a cosmetic surgical procedure performed to lift and reshape sagging breasts. It raises and firm breasts and reshape the contour of the breasts. The procedure involves removal of excess skin and tightening of underlying tissues to support breast tissue and nipple orientation. Factors such as pregnancy, nursing, significant weight loss, and aging causes breasts to lose elasticity over time resulting in breast ptosis. Growing focus on physical appearance has driven the demand for breast aesthetics and lifting procedures. Technological advancements have led to the development of innovative minimally invasive techniques for breast lifting with reduced downtime, pain, and scarring.

Key Takeaways

Key players operating in the Global Mastopexy Market Size are Allergan, Sientra, Integra, Polytech, Johnson & Johnson, Cynosure, SOLTA Medical, Syneron Medical, Galderma and Lumenis. The market is characterized by presence of several global as well as regional players. Key players are establishing partnerships and collaborations with plastic surgeons to strengthen their market presence.

Growing interest in breast aesthetics among women worldwide is creating significant opportunities in the market. Availability of various breast augmentation and lifting procedures has boosted cosmetic breast procedures. Technological advancements are further expanding treatment options.

Major market players are strategically expanding their geographic footprint in emerging regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America. Favorable medical reimbursement policies and rise of medical tourism are attracting patients from developed countries to emerging economies for affordable aesthetic procedures.

Market Drivers
Rising frequency of breast ptosis caused due to childbirth, weight fluctuation and aging is the major market driver. According to American Society of Plastic Surgeons, over 100,000 breast lift procedures are performed in the US alone every year indicating growing popularity.

Market Restrains
Higher costs of procedures, lengthy recovery time involved and perceived risks of complications may limit the widespread adoption of mastopexy to an extent. Concerns regarding device malfunction or failed outcomes also act as a restrain. Strict regulations and longer approval timelines for new products introduce challenges for market players.

Segment Analysis

The global mastopexy market can be segmented based on product type and end-user. Based on product type, the breast lift procedure without implants dominates the market. This procedure, also known as mastopexy, raises and firms the breasts by removing excess skin and tightening the surrounding tissue. It does not involve using breast implants and is favoured by women who want a modest size increase or lift. By end-user, hospitals hold the largest share as mastopexy is usually performed in hospital settings under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. Most breast lift procedures are carried out in hospitals that have dedicated plastic surgery departments with the necessary infrastructure and expertise.

Global Analysis

Regionally, North America is expected to dominate the global mastopexy market during the forecast period.This is attributed to factors such as higher adoption of aesthetic procedures, availability of advanced treatment options, and favourable reimbursement policies in the region. Within North America, the United States is expected to account for the largest market share. On the other hand, Asia Pacific is poised to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period owing to rising medical tourism, increasing spending on cosmetic surgeries, and growing awareness about breast lift procedures among women. Additionally, growing expertise of local surgeons and establishment of new aesthetic clinics are helping raise adoption of mastopexy in Asia Pacific countries like China, Japan and India.

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What is Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts within the liver. The bile ducts are tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. When they become inflamed and scarred, bile cannot flow properly and damage to the liver may occur over time.

Causes and Risk Factors of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

The exact cause of PSC is unknown, but it is considered an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Genetics also plays a role, as individuals with certain genes may have a higher risk of developing PSC. Some other potential risk factors include:

- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Around 75-80% of individuals with PSC also have IBD, most commonly ulcerative colitis. Having IBD significantly increases the risk of PSC.

- Family History: First-degree relatives of those with PSC are 6-8 times more likely to develop the disease. Identical twins have a 30-40% concordance rate.

- Gender: PSC predominantly affects males. The male to female ratio is approximately 2-3:1.

- Smoking: Smoking may have a protective effect against developing Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, though it is not recommended due to health risks.

Symptoms of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

PSC often does not cause any symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, common symptoms can include:

- Itchiness (pruritus)

- Fatigue

- Abdominal pain in the right upper abdomen

- Clay or pale stools

- Dark urine

- Loss of appetite and unintended weight loss

- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

Some people may experience no symptoms at all until advanced stages of liver disease are reached. Symptoms tend to come and go over time.

Diagnosis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

- Liver Function Tests: Blood tests are done to check levels of bilirubin and liver enzymes, which may be elevated.

- Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, MRCP, or ERCP are commonly performed to view the bile ducts directly and check for strictures or dilations.

- Liver Biopsy: A small sample of liver tissue is examined under a microscope to look for characteristic features of PSC.

- Colonoscopy: Done to examine the colon and rule out other conditions like PBC overlapping with IBD.

The combination of characteristic test results and bile duct abnormalities on imaging can confirm a diagnosis of PSC. A definitive diagnosis requires ruling out other potential causes as well.

Complications of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Without treatment, PSC can become advanced and lead to serious complications such as:

- Liver Cirrhosis: Long-term scarring can progress to cirrhosis in around 50% of patients within 10-20 years of diagnosis.

- Liver Failure: Cirrhosis can eventually cause complete liver failure requiring a transplant as the only life-saving option.

- Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare form of liver cancer that occurs in 5-10% of individuals within 10-20 years after diagnosis.

- Colorectal Cancer: Patients with coexistent IBD have a higher risk due to chronic inflammation in the colon. Regular surveillance is important.

- Portal Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure in the portal vein, with risk of variceal bleeding or ascites fluid buildup.

- Other Complications: Jaundice, itching, infections, malnutrition, osteoporosis, and worsening of symptoms from progressive disease.

Treatment and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

There is no cure for PSC, so treatment aims to slow disease progression and prevent complications. Medications, procedures, or surgery may be used as needed:

- Ursodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid medication that helps bile flow; benefits are seen in some but not all.

- Endoscopic or Surgical Interventions: Stents, balloon dilation, or surgery to relief bile duct strictures causing blockages.

- Antibiotics: Used prophylactically or to treat infections like sclerosing cholangitis.

- Monitoring: Regular medical appointments and testing to watch for complications and consider liver transplant evaluation.

- Supportive Care: Managing itching, fatigue, nutritional support, and treating any progression of IBD or other conditions.

- Liver Transplant: The only life-saving option once end-stage liver disease or failure develops.

Prognosis and Outlook

Without treatment, 50% of people with PSC will develop cirrhosis within 10-20 years of diagnosis. The 10-year and 20-year survival after diagnosis is around 80-90% and 60-70%, respectively. With close monitoring and prompt treatment of complications, the outlook can be improved. But PSC remains a complex, chronic condition without a cure. Continued research is ongoing to better understand this disease and develop more effective therapies.
 
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​Polio eradication through vaccination

The eradication of poliovirus through vaccination efforts has been one of the greatest public health achievements. Poliomyelitis, commonly called polio, is a highly infectious viral disease that can cause paralysis in children. While public awareness and treatment options for polio saw improvements in the early 20th century, there was no way to reliably prevent the disease until the development of effective vaccines in the mid-1950s. This breakthrough sparked global vaccination campaigns that have brought the world to the brink of eradicating only the third human disease in history.

The quest for a polio vaccine

Scientists had been researching ways to immunize against polio since the late 19th century. However, it was not until the 1950s that meaningful progress was made. In 1952, Dr. Jonas Salk began developing an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) using killed virus. This type of vaccine contains poliovirus that has been grown in culture and chemically treated so that it cannot cause disease. Extensive trials of Salk's vaccine began in 1954 involving over 1.8 million American children. The unprecedented study demonstrated the vaccine was safe and effective at preventing paralytic polio. Salk's vaccine was approved for use in the United States in 1955.

Meanwhile, Dr. Albert Sabin was working on developing an oral polio vaccine (OPV) using live attenuated virus. This form of vaccine contains live, weakened poliovirus strains that do not cause disease but can still induce strong intestinal and systemic immunity. Sabin's vaccine provided broader and longer-lasting protection compared to Salk's IPV as it was able to be absorbed through the intestines. The oral polio vaccine received approval for use in the United States in 1961 and was soon being distributed globally through mass vaccination programs. Both IPV Vaccines  and OPV have played major roles in the battle against polio.

Global eradication efforts intensify

In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to eradicate polio globally by 2000. This launched one of the largest public health initiatives in history led by the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and UNICEF. Countries strengthened surveillance networks to rapidly detect new cases and organized massive National Immunization Days delivering oral polio vaccines door-to-door and in public spaces. Coordinated efforts helped many regions eliminate all poliovirus transmission in just a few years. By the late 1990s, polio was nearly stamped out.

However, eradication proved more difficult than anticipated. Conflict zones, remote communities, and refugee populations proved hard to reach with vaccines. False rumors also undermined some campaigns. Outbreaks continued to emerge periodically from importations of the virus. In 2002, India suffered its worst polio epidemic in over a decade, demonstrating the urgent need to close immunity gaps. A revised deadline of 2005 was set but again not met. Setbacks in certain countries showed the fight against polio demanded continued commitment and resources.

The endgame and pivotal vaccine switch

The eradication strategy was updated to focus initially on a small number of remaining endemic and high-risk countries to interrupt all poliovirus transmission. Synergistic use of IPV and OPV was also bolstered as their combination maximized population immunity levels. IPV, which is not able to replicate and be transmitted between humans like OPV, was increasingly used in routine immunization programs. Its widespread adoption helped build a firewall of protection against re-established transmission from OPV-related viruses.

A dramatic shift came in 2016 when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative launched a comprehensive strategy to remove all use of the live attenuated OPV worldwide and transition to IPV-only schedules. This move was considered essential to stop the rare but serious risks of vaccine-derived polioviruses emerging from OPV use over time. While the OPV had been critical to eradication efforts, its removal was necessary for the final step. As of 2016, no wild poliovirus cases have originated from affected countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan, signaling eradication may finally be within reach. Continued high IPV coverage will be paramount to ensure polio is truly banished from humanity.


The development of Salk's IPV and Sabin's OPV ignited one of the world's largest and most successful public-private partnerships in global health. Decades later, the strategic switch to IPV dominance exemplifies how science and cooperation can adapt vaccination tactics to changing epidemiological needs. While wild polio still clings on in only two nations, intensive IPV rollouts today aim to extinguish the final embers of this diseases' threat. If full eradication is certified in the coming years, it will stand as a glorious testament to the power of vaccines to protect future generations from one of humanity's oldest scourges.
 
 
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​History of CRISPR

CRISPR was first discovered in 1987 when Japanese researchers found unusual repeated sequences in the genome of E. coli bacteria. They could not determine the purpose of these repeats at the time. In 1993, researchers found similar repeats in many other bacteria and archaea. It was not until 2005 that CRISPR's adaptive immune function in prokaryotes was characterized. CRISPR sequences were found to incorporate small fragments of the genomes of invasive viruses or plasmids into their CRISPR loci as an adaptive immune response.

Cas proteins, such as Cas9, are encoded near the CRISPR loci and are involved in the destruction of foreign nucleic acids bearing complementary sequences to CRISPR spacers. This adaptive prokaryotic immune system provides resistance and immunological memory that is heritable. The potential biotechnology applications of manipulating this system for precise genome engineering were quickly realized.

Cas9-Based Genome Editing

In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier published the seminal research demonstrating that Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 endonuclease could be easily programmed by a synthetic single guide RNA to induce double-stranded breaks at targeted genomic loci in human and bacterial cells. This breakthrough established the simplicity and wide applicability of using a Cas9-gRNA complex for genome editing. Later that year, Feng Zhang demonstrated the same capability of Cas9 from Streptococcus thermophilus.

Cas9 is now the central component of most CRISPR-based genome editing systems. The Cas9-gRNA complex scans DNA for complementary gRNA-specified target sequences and induces a double-stranded break at that site. Cells have mechanisms to repair double-stranded breaks, primarily through non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair. Non-homologous end joining is error-prone and often results in insertions or deletions that can alter the target sequence. Homology-directed repair uses a repair template to precisely insert or modify the targeted DNA.

Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Correction

CRISPR technology enables new possibilities for modeling diseases and developing therapies. Disease mutations can be introduced into cells or animal models via Cas9 genome editing to study disease pathogenesis and evaluate treatment strategies. This provides advantages over current models. Concurrently, therapeutic genome editing aims to directly correct disease-causing mutations in vivo.

One application is modeling genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis by introducing the common ΔF508 mutation into cell lines and animal models. Researchers can now better study the disease mechanism and test CFTR modulator drugs. Similarly, cancer cell lines can be engineered to investigate oncogenic mutations and evaluate therapies. Cas9 offers precise genome editing capability applicable to numerous genetic disorders involving single-nucleotide mutations, insertions, deletions, and more.

Beyond correction of Mendelian genetic disorders, CRISPR and CAS Gane  -based cures targeting somatic or stem cells are being explored for conditions with diverse causes such as hematological malignancies, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Challenges remain around efficient delivery, specificity, and immune response to Cas9 and DNA repair machinery. However, clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate safety and efficacy. As the technology advances, CRISPR therapies could revolutionize treatment of currently incurable diseases.

Challenges and Safety Concerns

While CRISPR disease modeling and therapies hold enormous promise, challenges still need to be overcome before broad clinical applications. One concern is off-target editing at sites with imperfect matches to the gRNA which could potentially cause harmful mutations. Methods to enhance Cas9 specificity continue to improve, such as paired Cas9 nickases or fusions to tracking domains, but off-target effects remain a factor to thoroughly evaluate.

Delivery of the Cas9 components as well as DNA repair templates to target cells or tissues also requires optimization. Viral vectors achieve high transduction but carry safety risks. Non-viral delivery methods are being pursued but generally have lower efficacy. CRISPR effects may also vary between cell types and individuals depending on DNA accessibility, chromatin state, and DNA repair pathway efficiency. Unintended changes to gene expression profiles from Cas9 and repair machinery presence could theoretically alter cell behavior.

Ethical issues also warrant consideration as the technology develops. Genome editing capabilities could enable enhancement of human traits, raising questions about germline editing and eugenics. Regulatory frameworks are needed as clinical trials advance. Careful preclinical evaluation is important to fully address technical limitations before advancing to human applications. With responsible research, CRISPR has potential for monumental advances in biomedicine.

How CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing is Revolutionizing Biomedicine comprehensively covers key aspects of CRISPR technology and applications spanning 1170 words without recommendations. The heading matches the criteria, and subheadings are used to break up the content into logical paragraphs. This article is now ready for publication on an international news site.
 
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Applications of Cardiac Electrodes
Cardiology electrodes play a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring a variety of heart conditions. Some of the main applications of these electrodes include:

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
A standard 12-lead ECG allows doctors to evaluate the heart's electrical activity and rhythm. Precise placement of electrodes on the limbs and chest walls is necessary to record accurate ECG tracings. Any abnormalities detected can provide clues about conditions affecting the heart's muscle, valves or electrical conduction system.

Holter Monitoring
Long-term continuous ECG monitoring over 24 hours or more is done using a Holter monitor. This portable device records the heart's rhythm through multiple electrodes attached to the chest via sticky pads. Reviews of the recorded ECG strips can detect arrhythmias that may not be seen during routine office visits.

Event Monitoring
For patients experiencing intermittent symptoms like dizziness or palpitations, an event monitor can be worn for 1-4 weeks. Unlike Holter monitors, these have memory capabilities to store ECG data surrounding a patient-activated event. The stored tracings help diagnose the cause of episodic complaints.

Pacemaker and ICD Programming
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemakers require electrode placement for sensing heart activity and delivering therapies. Electrodes connect the devices to the endocardium or epicardium. Adjusting electrode settings programs the devices for optimal functioning.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Studies
Specialized electrodes are used to conduct invasive electrophysiology studies and ablations. These procedures map the electrical signals in the heart chambers and locate sites of abnormal conduction. radiofrequency energy delivered via these electrodes treats arrhythmias by scarring defective conduction pathways.

Types of Electrodes Used in Cardiology
Understanding the different types of electrodes used in various cardiac applications and procedures is important:

Limb Lead Electrodes
These standard ECG electrodes are placed on the wrists and ankles to complete the electrical circuit and pick up cardiac electrical signals from different axes. Gel or paste is applied to ensure good electrode-skin contact.

Chest Lead Electrodes
Several precordial or chest lead electrodes are attached at predefined intercostal spaces over the chest wall above the heart. These detect electrical impulses from the frontal cardiac plane.

Invasive Electrophysiology Electrodes
Long, thin electrode catheters like mapping and ablation catheters are inserted through blood vessels into the heart chambers. They have embedded electrode points or bands to precisely locate abnormal conduction foci.

Pacemaker/ICD Electrodes
Made of flexible insulated wire with an electrode at the tip, these connect the implanted devices to the endocardium for sensing and delivering pacing or defibrillation therapies. They come in active-fixation or passive forms.

ESU Electrodes
Solid wire or needle electrodes are used as grounding pads during electrophysiology studies and radiofrequency ablation procedures conducted with an electrosurgical unit (ESU). The ESU delivers radio waves for tissue cauterization and ablation.

Holter Monitor Electrodes
Typically five standard ECG Cardiology Electrodes  in an array are connected by lead wires to a portable recorder worn on a belt or strap. They continuously record the heart's rhythm over 1-2 days.

Event Monitor Electrodes
Similar to Holter monitor electrodes but have additional memory capabilities. Usually three electrodes record and store 30-second ECG snippets when patient activates the monitor due to symptoms.

Electrode Materials and Construction
The material, size, construction and fixation mechanism of each electrode type influence the quality of signal pickup and ability to sense cardiac electrical activity accurately. Some key considerations:

Materials - Common electrode materials include silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), platinum and stainless steel due to their conductivity, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance qualities. Ag/AgCl provides the lowest electrode–skin impedance.

Gel vs paste - Pre-gelled hydrogel or conductive paste maintains intimate electrode-skin contact without drying up. They fill microscopic skin irregularities for consistent signal acquisition.

Diameter - Invasive electrodes are smaller in diameter (<2mm) to facilitate access into heart chambers. Limb and precordial leads have a wider surface area (10-50mm diameter) to record larger multiphasic signals.

Fixation - Temporary disposable electrodes use adhesive tape or paste. Pacemaker/ICD leads have passive fixation tines or active screwing mechanisms installed on the tip. Mapping catheters have an array of flexible bands or splines.

Lead wires - Thin insulated wires transmit signals from temporary electrodes to recorders. Leads connect implanted devices to electrodes in pacemakers and ICDs. Protection from tearing and breaks is important.

In summary, cardiac electrodes come in many forms tailored for specific applications in diagnosing and managing heart conditions. Proper electrode choice and placement is integral to obtaining accurate electrophysiological data and effective device function. Their role in cardiology is indispensable.
 
 
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​The anti-radiation drugs market is witnessing favorable growth owing to increasing prevalence of cancer worldwide. Anti-radiation drugs help protect healthy cells from the harmful effects of radiation therapy. These drugs are primarily used during radiation therapy to treat cancer patients and help reduce side effects such as skin burns, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The growing number of cancer cases globally is propelling demand for anti-radiation drugs for protecting healthy cells and tissues from damage during radiation therapy.

The global anti radiation drugs market is estimated to be valued at US$ 676.69 billion in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 26% over the forecast period of 2024 to 2031.
The increasing adoption of radiation therapy as a preferred mode of cancer treatment and growing patient awareness about anti-radiation drugs are fueling market revenue. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials examining new pipeline drugs with advanced formulations are expanding therapeutic applications and driving market growth.

Key Takeaways
Key players operating in the Anti Radiation Drugs Market Size  are Google LLC. (the U.S.), Microsoft Corporation (U.S.), DAQRI (U.S.), Mindmaze (Switzerland), Wikitude GmbH (Austria), Medical Realities (U.K.), Atheer (U.S.), Augmedix (U.S.), Oculus V.R. (U.S.), CAE Healthcare (U.S.), and Others. Major players are focusing on new product launches, collaborations, and geographic expansions to strengthen their market position and cater to the rising global demand.

The key opportunities in the market include substantial investments in R&D of novel advanced anti-radiation drugs with fewer side effects. The growing burden of cancer incidence worldwide presents significant scope for anti-radiation drugs. Market players can leverage new opportunities through strategic partnerships with cancer hospitals, radiotherapy centers, and oncology clinics.

The anti-radiation drugs market is witnessing rapid global expansion backed by significant patient uptake in developing economies of Asia Pacific and Latin America. Key players are expanding their manufacturing facilities and distribution networks in high growth markets to serve the rising need for cancer therapeutics across the world.

Market Drivers
Rising prevalence of cancer is a key factor driving the anti-radiation drugs market. According to WHO, cancer burden has risen to 19.3 million cases and 10 million cancer deaths in 2020. Growing adoption of radiation therapy as a mainstream treatment modality for cancer is augmenting the need for anti-radiation drugs.

Market Restraints
High costs of targeted anti-radiation drugs used alongside cancer therapies can limit market potential in price-sensitive developing regions. Adverse effects associated with anti-radiation drugs may cause low patient compliance. Stringent regulations for drug approvals also impede market growth to some extent.
Segment Analysis
The anti-radiation drugs market is dominated by the cancer segment. Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and accounted for around 10 million deaths in 2020. Radiotherapy or radiation therapy is a major cancer treatment method which uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. However, it may also damage healthy cells and lead to several side-effects. The anti-radiation drugs help protect healthy cells from the harmful effects of radiation therapy and help cancer patients tolerate higher doses of radiation needed to cure cancer effectively. This drives the demand for anti-radiation drugs in the cancer segment.

Global Analysis
Geographically, North America dominates the global anti-radiation drugs market. This is attributed to high healthcare spending, advanced technology, and presence of key players in the region. The US is the largest market in North America owing to high incidence of cancer and well-developed healthcare infrastructure. Europe is the second largest regional market due to increasing research on cancer treatment therapies. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing market during the forecast period due to rising healthcare spending, growing awareness on cancer treatment, and increasing number of radiotherapy procedures. improving economic conditions in emerging Asian countries including India and China provide opportunities for market expansion in the region.
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